Luc Christiaensen & Will Martin
The view that a productive agriculture is critical for employment creation and poverty reduction is now widely shared within the development community. Yet, this has not always been the case. In the run-up to the 2008 world food price crisis, many development practitioners, government officials, and economists doubted whether agriculture could still play this role, especially in Africa. Agro-pessimism had set in during the 1990s and 2000s, with a decline in policy attention and agricultural investment. The food price spikes of 2008 brought a realisation that more needed to be done to strengthen agriculture in developing countries.
Today, world food prices are still 70% higher than before the food price crisis (or 40-50% in real terms) and the trade and policy environment is much more favourable to agriculture. But, African incomes have also grown, poverty has come down and countries are more urbanised. So, what then is the role of agriculture for poverty reduction today and is the favourable inclination towards agriculture of the past years also backed up by the more recent evidence?
New research (eight studies in a forthcoming issue of the journal, World Development) presents the latest evidence. Using a multitude of analytical techniques, they confirm the continuing importance of agricultural development for poverty reduction. They also add an important nuance. Here are five takeaways:
Growth in agriculture remains more poverty reducing than growth elsewhere. Growth in agriculture remains in general two to three times more effective at reducing poverty than an equivalent amount of growth generated in other sectors. This holds irrespective of the empirical method or the poverty metric used to estimate this. It is consistent with the findings reported in the literature so far.
The poorest benefit the most from agricultural growth. The effects on poverty reduction of agriculture are largest for the poorest in society and the advantage of agricultural over non-agricultural growth in reducing poverty ultimately disappears as countries become richer. Furthermore, the lower the literacy rates, the stronger the progressivity in the poverty-reducing effect of agricultural over non-agricultural growth. This supports the current policy attention to agriculture in Africa and South Asia, which together house more than 80% of the world’s extreme poor today.
The comparative advantage of agriculture is not limited to landlocked countries. The degree of tradability of the food (and non-food) items that experiences the increase in productivity is an important consideration in determining the reduction of poverty from growth in that sector. It affects the extent to which prices decline and thus the extent to which producers and consumers gain. Computable general equilibrium model simulations for around 300,000 households from 31 countries suggest that agriculture’s advantage holds, irrespective of whether food is considered tradable or not. Agricultural growth appears a priority for poverty reduction in landlocked and coastal economies alike.
However, agriculture’s edge over non-agriculture varies by the latter’s sub-sectors. There is substantial heterogeneity in the poverty reducing effects of non-agriculture across its different sub-sectors. Trade and transport services have poverty to growth elasticities closer to those of agriculture, and those for manufacturing, especially agro-processing, can at times even exceed them. Contrarily, the poverty-reducing effects of mining, finance, business and government services are much more limited. Productivity growth in trade and transport services can have both direct linkages to the poor, but also indirect ones, for example, by reducing the transaction costs for the marketed products. This is particularly beneficial in sectors with higher margins, such as agriculture and food.
The advantages of agriculture vs non-agriculture also depend on the financing source, a much-neglected fact. The way public investments are financed has first-order distributional implications which may even overturn the underlying gains from rising productivity. An increase in public capital formation targeted to agriculture can, for example, negatively affect real consumption wages of the rural unskilled if financed from a tariff, but have a positive effect if financed through a consumption tax, which affects mainly the urban skilled. Great reliance on aid-financed investment on the other hand, may cause real exchange appreciation, favouring the more traditional, domestic-oriented non-agricultural sector over the more productive, open, and modern sector. Given that more and more unskilled labour is hired by the informal sectors of this closed (non-agricultural) economy, it may also lead to larger poverty reduction than when public investment financing is less dependent on foreign grants, which would favour growth in the open modern economy and lead to greater labour productivity.
Christiaensen is lead agriculture economist, World Bank’s Jobs Group and Martin is a senior research fellow, IFPRI (markets, trade, and institutions)
