Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used medications for pain relief and fever management, but frequent or excessive consumption can have serious consequences for liver health.
“The liver metabolizes paracetamol, breaking it down into substances that the body can eliminate. However, when taken in high doses or for prolonged periods, the liver’s capacity to process the drug safely can be overwhelmed. This leads to the accumulation of a toxic byproduct called N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which can damage liver cells and, in severe cases, result in acute liver failure,” Dr. Aravind Badiger Techincal Director BDR Pharmaceuticals told Financial Express.com.
Patients often underestimate the risks associated with over-the-counter medications, assuming they are entirely safe because they are readily available, Dr. Badiger explained.
However, even small daily overdoses, especially when combined with alcohol consumption or pre-existing liver conditions, can significantly increase the risk of harm.
“Paracetamol is effective and safe when used responsibly, but misuse can turn it into a health hazard. Public awareness about its potential risks is vital to prevent avoidable cases of liver damage. Always follow medical advice and use medications judiciously to protect your liver and overall well-being,” he said.
Meanwhile, Dr Pavan Hanchanale, Hepatologist, Liver Transplant Physician and gastroenterologist Ruby Hall Clinic Pune revealed that paracetamol is primarily metabolized by the liver into non-toxic conjugates, which are then excreted from the body.
“However, in supra-therapeutic doses, paracetamol can cause liver injury and acute liver failure. While such cases are more frequently observed in Western countries, they are relatively uncommon in India. In instances of paracetamol-induced liver injury, patients should be promptly admitted to specialized liver centers equipped with advanced liver ICUs for close monitoring of liver failure symptoms. If identified early, medications like N-acetylcysteine can effectively reverse paracetamol toxicity. However, in advanced cases, treatments such as plasma therapy or emergency liver transplants may be required,” Dr. Hanchanale told Financial Express.com.
Raising public awareness about the risks of paracetamol overdose is crucial. It is essential to adhere to recommended dosages and limit the over-the-counter availability of paracetamol to prevent misuse and potential health complications, he said.