The Group of Twenty (G20) stands as the premier international forum for economic cooperation, bringing together major developed and developing economies to discuss and address global challenges. Established in 1999 in response to the Asian financial crisis, the G20 initially focused on finance ministers and central bank governors. The 2008 global economic crisis elevated the G20’s role, transforming it into a forum for heads of state and government, with its first leaders’ summit held in Washington, D.C.

Overview of the G20

The G20 comprises 19 individual countries—Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, and the United States—along with the European Union. Collectively, G20 members represent about 85% of global GDP and two-thirds of the world population, making it a pivotal force in global economic governance.

One unique aspect of the G20 is its lack of a permanent secretariat. Instead, the presidency rotates annually among members, supported by a “Troika” comprising the current, immediate past, and incoming presidencies. This structure ensures continuity in its agenda. In 2023, India held the presidency, followed by Brazil in 2024 and South Africa in 2025.

India’s Pivotal Role in G20

India’s G20 presidency in 2023 marked a significant chapter in the forum’s history. With the theme “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”—translated as “One Earth, One Family, One Future”—India emphasized the interconnectedness of global challenges and the need for collective solutions. The presidency not only showcased India’s leadership capabilities but also highlighted its commitment to global inclusivity and sustainable development.

Unprecedented Scale and Reach India’s G20 presidency was historic in its scale, hosting over 200 meetings across 60 cities in all 28 states and 8 union territories. These meetings engaged approximately 100,000 participants, including 30,000 delegates from 135 countries, making it one of the most widely attended G20 cycles. India invited additional guest nations such as Bangladesh, Egypt, Singapore, and Nigeria, extending its outreach to bolster partnerships beyond the core G20 members.

Key Achievements Under India’s Leadership

The culmination of India’s presidency was the New Delhi G20 Leaders’ Summit held in September 2023, which resulted in the unanimous adoption of the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration (NDLD). This action-oriented document underscored India’s dedication to addressing global concerns, from sustainable growth to digital infrastructure.

Milestones and Initiatives:

  • Global South Advocacy: India positioned itself as a voice for the Global South, holding the “Voice of Global South Summit” earlier in 2023. This initiative aimed to ensure that emerging economies’ perspectives were integrated into the global agenda.
  • Inclusion of the African Union: A landmark achievement was the induction of the African Union as a permanent member of the G20, reflecting India’s commitment to inclusive global governance.
  • Green Development Pact: The declaration emphasized renewable energy expansion, with a commitment to tripling global renewable energy capacity by 2030. This move aligned with India’s own strides in solar and wind energy.
  • Digital Public Infrastructure: India’s successful implementation of its digital ecosystem served as a model discussed at the summit. The declaration supported global cooperation in building similar inclusive digital infrastructures.
  • Global Biofuels Alliance: The launch of this alliance aimed to promote sustainable biofuel production and use, boosting renewable energy pathways.

Broader Impact of India’s Presidency

India’s presidency revitalized the importance of multilateralism, focusing on fostering consensus among diverse economic and political landscapes. The New Delhi Declaration also advanced significant principles on women-led development, sustainable development goals (SDGs), and responsible artificial intelligence governance. By emphasizing cooperation, India helped navigate complex geopolitical issues, including nuanced discussions on global conflicts and economic disparities.

India’s Continuing Influence

Even after passing the presidency baton to Brazil on December 1, 2023, India remained a key member of the G20 Troika, ensuring continuity in advancing key initiatives. India’s strategic input continued to shape discussions, particularly in promoting sustainable economic practices and reinforcing the voices of developing nations.

Brazil’s G20 Vision and India’s Ongoing Role

Under Brazil’s presidency in 2024, the focus shifted to themes such as social inclusion, energy transitions, and global governance reforms. Brazil’s agenda aimed to build on the legacy of India’s efforts, reinforcing collaboration and carrying forward the priorities set in 2023.