It is no surprise that batteries have taken centrestage as the automotive world gradually shifts towards sustainable and alternative fuel options. While the debate on lead and octane in petrol might be hushing, the composition of battery chemistries is what’s becoming the hot debate now. Lithium-ion, sodium-ion, Nickel Manganese Cobalt and many other combinations are doing the rounds. But the question that bothers everyone is what is that ultimate battery chemistry that’s safe, reliable and cost effective?
Ankit Kherodiya, Co-founder and CEO of ReVx Energy- an IIM NSRCEL Startup explained that “Lithium Ion Batteries play a crucial role in facilitating the transition to a sustainable future. As every EV in India predominantly has a lithium-ion battery. In this context there are 2 prominent Lithium Ion Technology Widely used in India:
1. LFP
2. NMC
The above chemistries can be compared on the below aspects.
1. Temperature tolerance: Considering the temperature variation from 0C to 55C in India, LFP Batteries are better in terms of thermal resistance, Hence they are more safe.
2. Energy Density: NMC chemistry has at least 1.5 times higher energy density than LFP, Hence size and weight of the Battery pack are lower.
3. Life Expectancy: LFP batteries last much longer than NMC.”
However, the chemistry alone cannot help determine the quality an defficiency of electric vehicles. For optimal performance, it is also important that adequate attention is given to the design of the cell and the overall battery structure must also align with the specific requirements of the Indian market. According to Pankaj Sharma, Co-Founder & Director at Log9 Materials, “this involves understanding the compatibility of battery chemistries with different vehicle categories and target markets.”
Sharma elaborated that, “For vehicles intended for personal use (B2C), such as two-wheelers and four-wheelers, the focus should be on the choice of chemistry that prioritizes high energy density or extended range over fast charging. Notably, Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) chemistries present a strategic choice. NMC offers higher energy density and longer range but requires additional thermal management systems. On the other hand, LFP is a cost-effective option for personal use vehicles, providing a decent range without the need for fast charging.”
Therefore considering India’s temperature variation and climate LFP seems to make a better case than the NMC ones. That said, again the requirements of a commercial and a personal vehicle are quite varied. Kherodiy pointed out that “Apart from LFP and NMC, work is being done on other chemistries for specific use cases
1. LTO
2. Sodium Ion
3. Zinc Gel
Lithium Ion batteries find applications in various sectors.
1. Mobility: 2W, 3W, 4W Electric Vehicles
2. Battery Energy Storage Solutions: UPS Batteries for Home, Commercial and Industrial applications and Grid Level Energy Storage
3. Specialised Applications: Forklift, Mining Equipment, Drones, Agriculture Equipment
As India rapidly progresses towards a sustainable future, the outlook of lithium Ion Technology looks promising.”
However, Log 9 Material’s Sharma added that Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) is gaining traction in the commercial sector but customization becomes pivotal. “Designing LFP cells with characteristics inspired by LTO, such as decently fast charging and a higher cycle life of 2500-3000 cycles, can fulfill the specific needs of businesses. Proper cell design, coating technology, and material selection are crucial elements in achieving fast-charging capabilities with LFP cells. Additionally, implementing a robust thermal management system is imperative to maintain optimal operating temperatures,” he explained.
The last mile segment is seeing one of the fastest adoption to electric mode and in this context Sharma concluded, “LTO remains a formidable choice for business vehicles, the tailored application of LFP, informed by the lessons learned from LTO, is enabling fast-charging capabilities and extended cycle life for both B2B and B2C scenarios. The evolving landscape suggests increased penetration of LFP in commercial use cases, fueled by advancements in cell design and technology.”
