Delhi has been choking on heavy smog since Diwali as the Air Quality Index (AQI) continues to be in the “very poor” category. The effects of toxic air on health are not just temporary as experts warn that exposure to pollutants can cause serious long-term problems.
Many residents are already experiencing symptoms like coughing, watery eyes, and wheezing. But doctors caution that constant exposure can also lead to long-term issues like lung infections, sinus problems, and even migraines.
How pollution affects sinuses and headaches
“Air pollution is a hidden cause of sinus problems and migraines,” says Dr. Amit Batra, Director of Neurology at Max Super Speciality Hospital, Patparganj. “Fine particles like PM2.5 and PM10, nitrogen oxides, and ozone irritate the nasal passages. This causes swelling in the sinuses, leading to blockage, facial pressure, congestion, and headaches. For migraine sufferers, these triggers can set off a full migraine attack.”
The sinuses are closely connected to the brain through the trigeminal nerve. When the sinuses are inflamed, this nerve can get irritated, releasing substances in the brain that cause throbbing pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light or sound.
Pollution can also reduce oxygen in the blood, making the brain more sensitive to pain. People with allergies or chronic sinus problems are especially vulnerable. What may feel like mild irritation for some can trigger severe migraine attacks for others.
Dr. Aditya Gupta, Director of Neurosurgery at Artemis Hospital, Gurugram, explains that “Polluted air contains dust, smoke, vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions that can inflame the sinuses. This causes nasal congestion, pressure in the face, and headaches. Even healthy people sensitive to air quality may develop sinus problems during heavy pollution days.”
He adds, “Airborne irritants like nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter can cause inflammation in blood vessels and release substances in the brain that worsen migraines. People with sinus or migraine problems notice their symptoms increase on high pollution days.”
Who is most at risk?
Dr Batra explains that children, the elderly, and people with chronic sinus or migraine conditions are at the highest risk. Long-term exposure can lead to reduced lung function, respiratory infections, and even problems with brain function.
Even short exposure can cause eye irritation, coughing, throat discomfort, and headaches. But repeated exposure over weeks and months can make these problems worse and even permanent if precautions are not taken.
How to protect yourself
As per the Mayo Clinic, there are simple steps to reduce exposure to polluted air. Staying indoors during periods of very poor air quality, using air purifiers at home, and wearing masks when going outside can help. Using saline nasal sprays to keep the nasal passages moist and avoiding outdoor exercise during smog-heavy hours are also effective measures. “Managing sinus health and avoiding known triggers can significantly reduce headaches and migraines caused by pollution,” says Dr. Gupta.
Long-term health impacts on pollution
Air pollution is not just a short-term problem. Over time, it can lead to lung diseases, chronic sinus issues, and neurological problems. Even people who feel healthy now can develop issues if they are exposed regularly to high levels of pollutants.
Doctors also warn that pollution can worsen pre-existing conditions like asthma, heart disease, and chronic respiratory problems. Keeping track of daily AQI levels and taking preventive measures is crucial for everyone living in Delhi.
As Delhi continues to deal with post-Diwali smog, people need to be careful about their health. Following air quality alerts, staying indoors when pollution is high, and using protective measures like masks and purifiers can make a big difference.
